Echocardiography (or "echo") uses standard two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and Doppler ultrasound to create images of the heart. Rao, P. Syamasundar (2019-04-04). "Management of Congenital Heart Disease: State of the Art—Part II—Cyanotic Heart Defects". Children. 6 (4): 54. doi: 10.3390/children6040054. ISSN 2227-9067. PMC 6518252. PMID 30987364. Murray S. Hoffman (1924–2018) As president of the Colorado Heart Association, he initiated one of the first jogging programs promoting cardiac health Helen B. Taussig (1898–1986), founder of pediatric cardiology and extensively worked on blue baby syndrome

Upshaw, Charles (18 April 2007). "Henry J. L. Marriott: Lucid Teacher of Electrocardiography". Clinical Cardiology. 30 (4): 207–8. doi: 10.1002/clc.6. PMC 6652921. PMID 17443652. Safar ME, Jankowski P (February 2009). "Central blood pressure and hypertension: role in cardiovascular risk assessment". Clinical Science. 116 (4): 273–82. doi: 10.1042/CS20080072. PMID 19138169. Those who specialize in echo may spend a significant amount of their clinical time reading echos and performing transesophageal echo, in particular using the latter during procedures such as insertion of a left atrial appendage occlusion device.

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Cardiac arrhythmia, also known as "cardiac dysrhythmia" or "irregular heartbeat", is a group of conditions in which the heartbeat is too fast, too slow, or irregular in its rhythm. A heart rate that is too fast – above 100 beats per minute in adults – is called tachycardia. A heart rate that is too slow – below 60 beats per minute – is called bradycardia. [39] Many types of arrhythmia present no symptoms. When symptoms are present, they may include palpitations, or feeling a pause between heartbeats. More serious symptoms may include lightheadedness, passing out, shortness of breath, or chest pain. [40] While most types of arrhythmia are not serious, some predispose a person to complications such as stroke or heart failure. [39] [41] Others may result in cardiac arrest. [41]

How Are Arrhythmias Treated?". www.nhlbi.nih.gov/. July 1, 2011. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 7 March 2015. Heart defects are the most common birth defect. [95] [101] In 2013 they were present in 34.3 million people globally. [101] They affect between 4 and 75 per 1,000 live births depending upon how they are diagnosed. [95] [99] About 6 to 19 per 1,000 cause a moderate to severe degree of problems. [99] Congenital heart defects are the leading cause of birth defect-related deaths. [95] In 2013 they resulted in 323,000 deaths down from 366,000 deaths in 1990. [23] Tetralogy of Fallot [ edit ]The heart is a muscle that squeezes blood and functions like a pump. The heart's systems can be classified as either electrical or mechanical, and both of these systems are susceptible to failure or dysfunction. Agostino Paravicini Bagliani, Cardinali di curia e "familiae" cardinalizie dal 1227 al 1254, Padova 1972

Bhat, Venkatraman (2016). "Illustrated Imaging Essay on Congenital Heart Diseases: Multimodality Approach Part III: Cyanotic Heart Diseases and Complex Congenital Anomalies". Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 10 (7): TE01–10. doi: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/21443.8210. PMC 5020285. PMID 27630924. Phillipp Jaffé, Regesta pontificum Romanorum ab condita Ecclesia ad annum post Christum natum MCXCVIII, vol. I-II. Leipzig 1885-1888 Ebstein's anomaly is characterized by a right atrium that is significantly enlarged and a heart that is shaped like a box. This is very rare and happens in less than 1% of congenital heart disease cases. The surgical repair varies depending on the severity of the disease. [107] Those who specialize in cardiac imaging may undergo more training in all imaging modes or focus on a single imaging modality. Golomb Beatrice A.; Dang Tram T.; Criqui Michael H. (2006-08-15). "Peripheral Arterial Disease". Circulation. 114 (7): 688–699. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.593442. PMID 16908785. S2CID 5364055.Cardiac imaging includes echocardiography (echo), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), and computed tomography of the heart. Mebazaa, Alexandre; Gheorghiade, Mihai; Zannad, Faiez; Parrillo, Joseph E. (2009-12-24). Acute Heart Failure. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-84628-782-4. Truong LD, Shen SS, Park MH, Krishnan B (February 2009). "Diagnosing nonneoplastic lesions in nephrectomy specimens". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 133 (2): 189–200. doi: 10.5858/133.2.189. PMID 19195963 . Retrieved 2009-06-20. Cleveland Clinic (September 17, 2021). "Truncus Arteriosus". Cleveland Clinic. Archived from the original on 2020-08-04. Moran, AE; Forouzanfar, MH; Roth, GA; Mensah, GA; Ezzati, M; Murray, CJ; Naghavi, M (8 April 2014). "Temporal trends in ischemic heart disease mortality in 21 world regions, 1980 to 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study". Circulation. 129 (14): 1483–92. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.004042. PMC 4181359. PMID 24573352.