An organ system is two or more organs working together to accomplish a particular task. The digestive system, for example, involves the coordinated activities of many organs, including the mouth, stomach, small and large intestines, pancreas, and liver.

Living systems can be defined from various perspectives, from the broad (looking at the entire earth) to the minute (individual atoms). Each perspective provides information about how or why a living system functions:Lecture Slides: PowerPoint presentations cover key concepts allowing the instructor to illustrate important topics with images, figures, and problems presented throughout the course. Figure 1.2 Gross and Microscopic Anatomy (a) Gross anatomy considers large structures such as the brain. (b) Microscopic anatomy can deal with the same structures, though at a different scale. This is a micrograph of nerve cells from the brain. LM × 1600. (credit a:

A frontal (coronal) plane divides the body or organ vertically into front (anterior) and rear (posterior) parts.Interactive VitalSource e-Text: Students can easily search content, highlight and take notes, access instructor’s notes and highlights, and read offline to any device.

A horizontal (transverse) plane divides the body or organ horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) parts. This is also known as a cross‐section. is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things. The study of physiology certainly includes observation, both with the naked eye and with microscopes, as well as manipulations and measurements. However, current advances inD Physiology uses state-of-the-art 3D visualization to bring the 15 most complicated topics for students to learn and teachers to teach to life. The most requested topic, The Countercurrent Mechanism, helps students visualize a dense, very complex physiological process. Each animation is fully accessible and includes transcript and speed controls that allow students to absorb the material on their own terms. What’s New: Gross (macroscopic) anatomy is the study of body parts visible to the naked eye, such as the heart or bones. Physiology is the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole. Some specializations within each of these sciences follow:

An organ is a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a particular activity. The heart is an organ composed of muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues. Practitioner’s Perspective Videos: These engaging videos share the perspective of the clinician on a clinical case study. The clinicians represent an array of possible future careers for the students, including doctors and nurses but also EMT, audiologist, acupuncturist, and radiologic technician. The practitioners are diverse and represent broad student populations. Each of these practitioner’s share an engaging story about a person who is experiencing a disease state such as kidney stones, multiple sclerosis, burns, or a cochlear implant. Anatomists take two general approaches to the study of the body’s structures: regional and systemic. understanding of the physiology that a body structure supports. Imagine, for example, trying to appreciate the unique arrangement of the bones of the human hand if you had no conception of the function of the hand. Fortunately, your understanding of are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written

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The posterior/dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity (which contains the brain) and the vertebral cavity (which contains the spinal cord). is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification ( Figure 1.2 a). Macro- means “large,” thus, gross anatomy is also referred to as macroscopic anatomy. In contrast, micro- means “small,” and Directional terms are used to describe the relative position of one body part to another. These terms are listed in Table 1.