Robert Welch Meat Press - Black,18x14.5x15 cm

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Matsui M, et al. (2014). Effects of tongue cleaning on bacteria flora in tongue coating and dental plaque: A crossover study. DOI: Swallowing is composed of three phases: voluntary oral phase, involuntary pharyngeal phase, and involuntary esophageal phase. In the oral phase, the tongue plays an important role in food bolus mastication, formation, and transportation 1, 2. Weakness of the tongue muscle may result in dysphagia and increase the risk of aspiration. Therefore, adequate tongue muscle strength is essential for safe swallowing 1– 3. Repeat steps 2 to 5 several more times. As needed, adjust your tongue scraper placement and the pressure you apply to it to prevent a gag reflex. Yamaya M, Yanai M, Ohrui T, Arai H, Sasaki H. Interventions to prevent pneumonia among older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:85–90.

Wada S, et al. Jaw-opening exercise for insufficient opening of upper esophageal sphincter. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(11):1995–9. The Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) is currently the most commonly used device to assess the tongue muscle strength 5– 8, 10– 12. The air-filled silicone tongue bulb was positioned behind the central incisors, or behind the alveolar ridge to measure the maximal tongue elevation peak force (in kilopascals, kPa) as the anterior tongue strength (ATS) and then placed between the posterior tongue and hard-soft palate junction for the posterior tongue strength (PTS) 5– 12. Fungiform papillae are shaped like mushrooms. They can be found all over the dorsal surface of the tongue, but their highest concentration is at the tip and margins of the tongue. Youmans SR, Stierwalt JAG. Measures of tongue function related to normal swallowing. Dysphagia. 2006;21:102–11.Sip water frequently throughout the day, sipping every 15 minutes to keep your throat moist. Aim to drink about 2 litres of water each day.

Anterior two-thirds: facial nerve (CN VII) → chorda tympani → geniculate and otic ganglia → anterior solitary tract nucleusOno T, Hori K, Nokubi T. Pattern of tongue pressure on hard palate during swallowing. Dysphagia. 2004;19:259–64. Both endurance exercise and resistance exercise have been studied in skeletal muscle and cardiorespiratory systems [ 11]. Endurance exercise (aerobic) can last from minutes to hours, and makes use of high-repetition actions at low resistance to maximize changes in skeletal muscle oxidative capacity [ 12]. Resistance exercise (anaerobic) involves high resistance training with the goal of increasing muscular mass and power [ 12]. Endurance exercise increases signaling for mitochondrial biogenesis in muscles of the limbs with chronic exercise effects resulting in increased mitochondrial content and function leading to improved muscular capacity and fatigue resistance [ 13– 17] The primary goal of resistance exercise is to increase muscle strength by increasing muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA), also known as muscular hypertrophy. These increases in size occur both in young and elderly individuals with resistance exercise training [ 2, 18]. Outhouse TL, et al. (2006). A Cochrane systematic review finds tongue scrapers have short-term efficacy in controlling halitosis.

Hägg M, Tibbling L. Effect of IQoro ® training on impaired postural control and oropharyngeal motor function in patients with dysphagia after stroke. Acta Otolaryngol. 2016;136(7):742–8.Ohmae Y, Ogura M, Karaho T, Murase Y, Kitahara S, Inoue T. Effects of anchoring function on tongue tip during oropharyngeal swallow. Otol Fukuoka. 1998;44:301–4. [in Japanese].

Clark H, Shelton N. Training effects of the effortful swallow under three exercise conditions. Dysphagia. 2014;29:553–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-014-9544-7. Moon JH, et al. The effects of tongue pressure strength and accuracy training on tongue pressure strength, swallowing function, and quality of life in subacute stroke patients with dysphagia: a preliminary randomized clinical trial. Int J Rehabil Res. 2018;41(3):204–10.Matsubara M, et al. High-speed jaw-opening exercise in training suprahyoid fast-twitch muscle fibers. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:125–31. A 2006 review examined two studies on tongue cleaning and bad breath and found that tongue scrapers and cleaners were more effective than toothbrushes in reducing the volatile sulfur compounds that cause breath odors. Filiform papillae are the smallest and the most numerous. They are scattered all over the anterior two-thirds of the dorsal surface of the tongue in lines parallel to the terminal sulcus, and then transversely at the apex. They are thin and elongated, and have a purely mechanical role only, since they do not possess taste buds. Van den Steen L, et al. Tongue-strengthening exercises in healthy older adults: specificity of bulb position and detraining effects. Dysphagia. 2018;33(3):337–44. Inhale and hold your breath very tightly. Bear down like you are having a bowel movement. Keep holding your breath and bearing down as you swallow. This is called a super-supraglottic swallow. Repeat a few times.