Alps Map: Travel Maps International Adventure Map (National Geographic Adventure Map)

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Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission - Final Report (PDF) (Report). Government Printer for the State of Victoria. July 2010 . Retrieved 16 July 2020. By the mid-19th century scientists began to arrive en masse to study the geology and ecology of the region. [143]

See also: List of glaciers in Switzerland Lauterbrunnen Valley in the Bernese Alps, a deep U-shaped valley that resulted from erosion by glaciers The Alps are a crescent shaped geographic feature of central Europe that ranges in an 800km (500mi) arc (curved line) from east to west and is 200km (120mi) in width. The mean height of the mountain peaks is 2.5km (1.6mi). [15] The range stretches from the Mediterranean Sea north above the Po basin, extending through France from Grenoble, and stretching eastward through mid and southern Switzerland. The range continues onward toward Vienna, Austria, and southeast to the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia. [16] [17] [18] Hudson, Simon. (2000). Snow Business: A Study of the International Ski Industry. New York: Cengage ISBN 978-0-304-70471-2 The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum, and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps. [91] Preserved internal alpine forest and meadow, Vanoise National Park

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century Zermatt avalanche: in the 19th century, 120 homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche. [169] Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA7) regions and codes". Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Commonwealth of Australia. 2012 . Retrieved 13 January 2013. Huxley, John (11 February 2009). "Horrific, but not the worst we've suffered". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009 . Retrieved 16 July 2020. Main article: Geography of the Alps The Alps extend in an arc from France in the south and west to Slovenia in the east, and from Monaco in the south to Germany in the north.

In his commentary on the Aeneid of Vergil, the late fourth-century grammarian Maurus Servius Honoratus says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts. [9]Gerald Steinacher (2011). Nazis on the Run: How Hitler's Henchmen Fled Justice. OUP Oxford. p.3. ISBN 9780191653766. See also: List of glaciers in Switzerland This illustration of the glacier systems of the Mont Blanc massif by Alexander Keith Johnston was first published 1848 in The Physical Atlas. Main article: Skiing in Australia Skiing, Mt. Kosciusko, Australia, c. 1925, by Albert James Perier Perisher, New South Wales, is Australia's largest ski resort.

Cornelis van der Haven; Erika Kuijpers, eds. (2016). Battlefield Emotions 1500-1800: Practices, Experience, Imagination. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p.96. ISBN 9781137564900. This article describes the delimitation of the Alps as a whole and of subdivisions of the range, follows the course of the main chain of the Alps and discusses the lakes and glaciers found in the region. People have traditionally used the land here to make a living, with grassland in the valleys and hills perfect for farming and forests providing trees for woodworking. But these days a lot more money is made from tourists coming to sightsee, ski, walk and do other sports such as mountain biking and paragliding. Warrant, Eric; Frost, Barrie; Green, Ken; Mouritsen, Henrik; Dreyer, David; Adden, Andrea; Brauburger, Kristina; Heinze, Stanley (2016). "The Australian Bogong Moth Agrotis infusa: A Long-Distance Nocturnal Navigator". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 10. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00077. ISSN 1662-5153. Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45kg (100lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weigh up to 70kg (150lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion about the proportion of the cows' milk from the summer months in the high alps. Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages that have become somewhat mechanized in recent years, although the slopes are so steep that scythes are usually necessary to cut the grass. Hay is normally brought in twice a year, often also on festival days. [155]

a b Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopedia Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica; retrieved 6 August 2012. Ski resorts of the Alps: the development, 'Marmota Maps' ". November 15, 2019 . Retrieved October 17, 2021. Official Timetable" (in English, German, French, Italian, and Romansh). Bern: Swiss Federal Office for Transport. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022 . Retrieved May 11, 2016.

The 4000ers of the Alps: Official UIAA List" (PDF). UIAA-Bulletin (145). March 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2010. The boundary between the Apennines and the Alps is usually taken to be the Colle di Cadibona, at 435m above sea level, above Savona on the Italian coast. The Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries, BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Crystals, such as cinnabar, amethyst, and quartz, are found throughout much of the Alpine region. The cinnabar deposits in Slovenia are a notable source of cinnabar pigments. [53] The largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000m (9,800ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. [94] Classified as antelopes, [12] chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree line and are common in the entire alpine range. [95] Areas of the eastern Alps are still home to brown bears. In Switzerland the canton of Bern was named for the bears but the last bear is recorded as having been killed in 1792 above Kleine Scheidegg by three hunters from Grindelwald. [96] De Graciansky, Pierre-Charles et al. (2011). The Western Alps, From Rift to Passive Margin to Orogenic Belt. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-53724-9Zampieri, Matteo; Scoccimarro, Enrico; Gualdi, Silvio (January 1, 2013). "Atlantic influence on spring snowfall over the Alps in the past 150 years". Environmental Research Letters. 8 (3): 034026. Bibcode: 2013ERL.....8c4026Z. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/8/3/034026. ISSN 1748-9326. The severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. [15] Some of the valleys are quite arid such as the Aosta valley in Italy, the Maurienne in France, the Valais in Switzerland, and northern Tyrol. [15] Lakes, like Geneva and Zurich in Switzerland, Como in Italy and Constance in Germany are renowned for their beauty. But not all the lakes here are natural. Some are man-made reservoirs for dams that provide hydroelectric power to towns and cities. By the 6th century BC, the Celtic La Tène culture was well established. Hannibal notably crossed the Alps with a herd of elephants, and the Romans had settlements in the region. In 1800, Napoleon crossed one of the mountain passes with an army of 40,000. The 18th and 19th centuries saw an influx of naturalists, writers, and artists, in particular, the Romantics, followed by the golden age of alpinism as mountaineers began to ascend the peaks of the Alps. Smith, Jennifer Nimmo (2004). The river Alpheus in Greek, Christian and Byzantine thought. Byzantion