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a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Nicotine". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists . Retrieved 24 January 2019. a b Ruffle JK (November 2014). "Molecular neurobiology of addiction: what's all the (Δ)FosB about?". The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse. 40 (6): 428–37. doi: 10.3109/00952990.2014.933840. PMID 25083822. S2CID 19157711. The knowledge of ΔFosB induction in chronic drug exposure provides a novel method for the evaluation of substance addiction profiles (i.e. how addictive they are). Xiong et al. used this premise to evaluate the potential addictive profile of propofol (119). Propofol is a general anaesthetic, however its abuse for recreational purpose has been documented (120). Using control drugs implicated in both ΔFosB induction and addiction (ethanol and nicotine),... Nestler EJ, Barrot M, Self DW (September 2001). "DeltaFosB: a sustained molecular switch for addiction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (20): 11042–6. Bibcode: 2001PNAS...9811042N. doi: 10.1073/pnas.191352698. PMC 58680. PMID 11572966. Although the ΔFosB signal is relatively long-lived, it is not permanent. ΔFosB degrades gradually and can no longer be detected in brain after 1–2 months of drug withdrawal... Indeed, ΔFosB is the longest-lived adaptation known to occur in adult brain, not only in response to drugs of abuse, but to any other perturbation (that doesn't involve lesions) as well.
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Nicotine Transdermal Patch" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved 24 January 2019.Nicotine was often compared to caffeine in advertisements in the 1980s by the tobacco industry, and later in the 2010s by the electronic cigarettes industry, in an effort to reduce the stigmatization and the public perception of the risks associated with nicotine use. [194] Research [ edit ] Central nervous system [ edit ] Sarter M (August 2015). "Behavioral-Cognitive Targets for Cholinergic Enhancement". Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 4: 22–26. doi: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.01.004. PMC 5466806. PMID 28607947. When it comes to choice, the list of all Elf Bars flavours has so much to offer these days. Choose from a range of delicious Elf Bar flavours with dozens of fruit, dessert, and classic options available. What’s more, with the Elf Bar flavours list expanding all the time, it’s never been easier to find a flavour you love! Elf Bar – ideal for ex-smokers a b Benowitz NL, Burbank AD (August 2016). "Cardiovascular toxicity of nicotine: Implications for electronic cigarette use". Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 26 (6): 515–23. doi: 10.1016/j.tcm.2016.03.001. PMC 4958544. PMID 27079891. Royal College of Physicians. "Nicotine Without Smoke -- Tobacco Harm Reduction". p.125 . Retrieved 30 September 2020. Use of nicotine alone, in the doses used by smokers, represents little if any hazard to the user.
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a b c El Sayed KA, Sylvester PW (June 2007). "Biocatalytic and semisynthetic studies of the anticancer tobacco cembranoids". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 16 (6): 877–87. doi: 10.1517/13543784.16.6.877. PMID 17501699. S2CID 21302112. Medical News Today has strict sourcing guidelines and draws only from peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical journals and associations. We avoid using tertiary references. We link primary sources — including studies, scientific references, and statistics — within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. a b Smith TT, Rupprecht LE, Cwalina SN, Onimus MJ, Murphy SE, Donny EC, Sved AF (August 2016). "Effects of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition on the Reinforcing Properties of Low-Dose Nicotine". Neuropsychopharmacology. 41 (9): 2335–2343. doi: 10.1038/npp.2016.36. PMC 4946064. PMID 26955970. Aubin HJ, Luquiens A, Berlin I (February 2014). "Pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation: pharmacological principles and clinical practice". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 77 (2): 324–36. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12116. PMC 4014023. PMID 23488726.
a b c Bailey SR, Crew EE, Riske EC, Ammerman S, Robinson TN, Killen JD (April 2012). "Efficacy and tolerability of pharmacotherapies to aid smoking cessation in adolescents". Paediatric Drugs. 14 (2): 91–108. doi: 10.2165/11594370-000000000-00000. PMC 3319092. PMID 22248234. The Elf Bar 600, also known as simply the Elf Bar, derives its name from the minimum 600 puffs you get with every device. When creating their product, the manufacturers of the Elf Bar wanted to know exactly how much use their customers can expect to get from their device, so they set about conducting tests to determine the puff count. After the tests were complete, they established that with a 1.5 second draw, users would get 600 puffs – hence the name, Elf Bar 600. Elf Bar flavours Nicotine is used as a recreational drug. [62] It is widely used, highly addictive and hard to discontinue. [20] Nicotine is often used compulsively, [63] and dependence can develop within days. [63] [64] Recreational drug users commonly use nicotine for its mood-altering effects. [31] Recreational nicotine products include chewing tobacco, cigars, [65] cigarettes, [65] e-cigarettes, [66] snuff, pipe tobacco, [65] snus, and nicotine pouches. Heishman SJ, Kleykamp BA, Singleton EG (July 2010). "Meta-analysis of the acute effects of nicotine and smoking on human performance". Psychopharmacology. 210 (4): 453–69. doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-1848-1. PMC 3151730. PMID 20414766. The significant effects of nicotine on motor abilities, attention, and memory likely represent true performance enhancement because they are not confounded by withdrawal relief. The beneficial cognitive effects of nicotine have implications for initiation of smoking and maintenance of tobacco dependence.
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In the United States, nicotine products and Nicotine Replacement Therapy products like Nicotrol are only available to persons 18 and above; proof of age is required; not for sale in vending machine or from any source where proof of age cannot be verified. As of 2019, the minimum age to use tobacco in the US is 21 at the federal level. [191] https://www.heart.org/-/media/Files/About-Us/Policy-Research/Fact-Sheets/Tobacco-and-Clean-Air/Structural-Racism-and-Tobacco-Fact-Sheet.pdf Nicotine is a secondary metabolite produced in a variety of plants in the family Solanaceae, most notably in tobacco Nicotiana tabacum, where it can be found at high concentrations of 0.5 to 7.5%. [172] Nicotine is also found in the leaves of other tobacco species, such as Nicotiana rustica (in amounts of 2–14%). Nicotine production is strongly induced in response to wounding as part of a jasmonate-dependent reaction. [173] Specialist insects on tobacco, such as the tobacco hornworm ( Manduca sexta), have a number of adaptations to the detoxification and even adaptive re-purposing of nicotine. [174] Nicotine is also found at low concentrations in the nectar of tobacco plants, where it may promote outcrossing by affecting the behavior of hummingbird pollinators. [175] Bupropion is a medication that affects brain chemicals and is as effective as NRT for helping people quit.Tobacco and its evil cousin nicotine are good as a pesticide – American Chemical Society". American Chemical Society . Retrieved 29 October 2018. The nicotine content of popular American-brand cigarettes has increased over time, and one study found that there was an average increase of 1.78% per year between the years of 1998 and 2005. [186] Nicotine-containing products are sometimes used for the performance-enhancing effects of nicotine on cognition. [57] A 2010 meta-analysis of 41 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies concluded that nicotine or smoking had significant positive effects on aspects of fine motor abilities, alerting and orienting attention, and episodic and working memory. [58] A 2015 review noted that stimulation of the α4β2 nicotinic receptor is responsible for certain improvements in attentional performance; [59] among the nicotinic receptor subtypes, nicotine has the highest binding affinity at the α4β2 receptor (k i=1 nM), which is also the biological target that mediates nicotine's addictive properties. [60] Nicotine has potential beneficial effects, but it also has paradoxical effects, which may be due to the inverted U-shape of the dose-response curve or pharmacokinetic features. [61] Recreational [ edit ] Nausea, dyspepsia, flatulence, headache, upper respiratory tract infections, irritation (i.e., a burning sensation), hiccups, sore throat, coughing, dry lips, and oral mucosal ulceration.
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It's not clear exactly how it works, but it's thought to have an effect on the parts of the brain involved in addictive behaviour. Randomized trials and observational studies of nicotine replacement therapy in cardiovascular patients show no increase in adverse cardiovascular events compared to those treated with placebo. [73] Using nicotine products during cancer treatment may be contraindicated, as nicotine may promote tumour growth, but temporary use of NRTs to quit smoking may be advised for harm reduction. [74] NRT may include nicotine patches, sprays, lozenges, or gum. FDA-approved NRTs are the least harmful types of nicotine products. MedicationsSeveral in vitro studies have investigated the potential effects of nicotine on a range of oral cells. A recent systematic review concluded that nicotine was unlikely to be cytotoxic to oral cells in vitro in most physiological conditions but further research is needed. [201] Understanding the potential role of nicotine in oral health has become increasingly important given the recent introduction of novel nicotine products and their potential role in helping smokers quit. [202] See also [ edit ] Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) provides people with a small amount of nicotine that attaches to some of the body’s nicotine receptors to reduce nicotine cravings. Schraufnagel DE, Blasi F, Drummond MB, Lam DC, Latif E, Rosen MJ, etal. (September 2014). "Electronic cigarettes. A position statement of the forum of international respiratory societies". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 190 (6): 611–8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201407-1198PP. PMID 25006874. S2CID 43763340. a b Grana R, Benowitz N, Glantz SA (May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi: 10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826. Bupropion (brand name Zyban) is not currently available. It has been withdrawn by the manufacturer, and it's not yet known whether it will be available again in future.
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